Since that time, GE has been documented in four additional sea turtle species 10, 11. In 2014, a study of bycaught loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta) entrapped at depth in trawls and gillnets demonstrated that sea turtles developed gas embolism (GE) 9. Breath-holding diving vertebrates have been considered to be protected against GE through anatomical, physiological, and behavioural adaptations 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Gas enters the circulation when a communication between a gas source and the vascular system exists together with a pressure gradient that favours gas translocation 1. In humans, GE can occur as a result of trauma, underwater diving, or as a complication of surgical and diagnostic procedures. Gas-embolism (GE) is the presence of gas within the cardiovascular system, which can result in a variety of systemic effects depending on the amount of gas and its anatomic distribution. According to the results of the present study the measures to be considered to reduce the catches or mortality of sea turtles for trawling are to be found in the modification of fishing nets or fishing operations and in greater awareness and education of fishermen.
Results of this study may be useful in clinical evaluation, prognostication, and management for turtles affected by gas-embolism, but bycatch reduction must become a priority for major international organizations. About 90% turtles with GE alive upon arrival at Sea Turtle Clinic recovered from the disease without any supportive drug therapy. We found 204 turtles affected by gas-embolism and significant positive correlations between the presence of gas-embolism and duration, depth, ascent rate of trawl, turtle size and temperature, and between mortality and ascent time, neurological deficits, significant acidosis and involvement of > 12 cardiovascular sites and the left atrium and sinus venosus-right atrium. Trawling characteristics, physical and physiologic factors associated with gas-embolism and predictors of mortality were analysed from 482 bycaught loggerheads. Sea turtles that are entrapped in static and towed nets may develop gas embolism which can lead to severe organ injury and death.
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